Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Proposal - Essay Example It discussed the timing and frequency, as well as tools and sources of information. Forecasting methodologies were also explained with a brief discourse on how to interpret the forecasted data. The goal of the authors in this book is to present accounting as an essential part of the decision making process of various users such as the voter, the taxpayer, the government official, the business manager, and the investor. It discussed relevant issues on the analysis and preparation of financial statements and their utilization to achieve a company’s objectives. Viscione aims to teach the student or the manager to use financial analysis in the decision making process. The book covers topics such as evaluating financial performance, tools for financial planning, cost of capital and capital budgeting techniques, among others. Abstract: The research aims to determine the rationale for managers opting to pad their budgets to address contingencies. It would discuss implications of padding the budget and find out alternative methods to meet financial challenges given the uncertainties in the competitive environment. This chapter clearly showed alternative options available to managers to avoid padding the budget. It also presented concepts in budgeting which would help a decision maker in making plans and strategies for control. The authors presented a concise section on capital budgeting techniques and other aids to managerial decisions. Theories on capital budgets are clearly explained and practical applications are explored through demonstration problems and exercises. Capital budgeting techniques were clearly presented through a discussion of measuring the rate of return of an investment. Topics on the determination of cash flows and other additional considerations to aid in the decision making process are also

Corporate Strategy Part A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Strategy Part A - Essay Example rated by the communication industry in 2013 was $81,447.9 million and that of the consumer electronics industry was $247.2 billion despite minor fluctuation. The market value of the industries has attracted numerous domestic and international companies and as a result competition has increased considerably. Most prominent companies operating in these industries are Apple, Samsung, Lenovo, Dell, Blackberry, Amazon and Nokia (Market line, ‘Global communications equipment’, http://advantage.marketline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/Product?pid=MLIP1262-0005, 2014, (accessed 10 August 2015); Market line, ‘Global - Consumer Electronics’, http://advantage.marketline.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/Product?pid=MLIP1271-0012, 2014, (accessed 10 August 2015)). The business environment has become highly dynamic with heavy exposure to various uncertainties. In this regard, strategic management plays an important role for managing uncertainty by means of decisions, investments and processes. Moving ahead on this notion, the paper assesses and compares environment, market and business strategies of two renowned companies, Apple and Blackberry for understanding their competitive approach and future prospect. Market and industry analysis is essential for companies because it presents vast scope for understanding current and future market size, growth rate and profitability of industry, pricing structure of the industry, market trends and key success factors for the company with respect to its competitors. Michael E. Porter (‘The five competitive forces that shape strategy’,  Harvard business review, vol.  86, no. 1, 2008, pp. 25-40) has proposed the five force model for industry analysis and the framework has been implemented to assess industry environment of Apple and Blackberry along with brief SWOT analysis. The communication equipment and consumer electronics industry chiefly comprises of small buyers and individual consumers who predominantly end users of the

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Otec Environmental Sciences Essay

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Otec Environmental Sciences Essay The oceans cover a little more than 70 percent of the earth surface. This makes it the worlds largest solar energy collector and energy storage system. On an average day, 60 million square kilometers if tropical seas absorb and amount of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 million barrels of oil. The history of mankind, have depended upon its ability to conquer the forces of nature, and to utilize these forces to serve its needs. Energy technology is certainly one of the most important factors in the emergence of mankind as the dominant species of this plant. The invention of the practical steam engine by James watt, brought about development of large factories, steam ships and the steam locomotive. First wood was used, then coal. About the same time, the use of coal instigated advances in metallurgy .petroleum from natural seepage has been used since ancient times for lighting, lubrication and waterproofing. The introduction of drilling for oil greatly increased the s upply of oil. The industrial revolution switches in to high gear. One problem is that the natural seepage is limited and in a few years the elements will be used. The development of nuclear power was touted as the answers to all mankinds energy woes. It not turned out that way. The elimination of government subsidies for nuclear power plants has made them quite unaffordable. When it went so bad no insure in the world will write disaster for nuclear power plant The concept of OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) has existed for over a century as fantasised by Jules Verne in 1870 and conceptualised by French physicist, Jacques arsene d arsonval in 1881. Despite this an operating OTEC power facility was not developed until the 1920s. 2.2 WHAT IS OTEC OTEC, ocean thermal energy conversion is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the oceans natural thermal gradient, consequently the temperature difference between the warm surface water and the cold deep water below 600 metres by about 20c, an OTEC system can produce, a significantly amount of power. The oceans are thus a vast renewable resource; with the potential to help us in the OTEC process is also rich in nutrients and it can be used to culture both marine organism and plant life near the shore or on land The total influx of solar energy into earth is of thousands of time as a great as mankind total energy use. All of our coal, oil and natural gas are the result of the capture of solar energy by life of the past. There have been, any projects for harnessing solar energy, but most have not been successful because they attempt to capture the energy directly. The idea behind OTEC is the use of all a natural collectors, the se, instead of artificial collector. 2.3 HOW OTEC WORKS Warm water is collected on the surface of the tropical ocean and pumped by a warm water pump. The water is pumped through the boiler, where some of the water is used to heat the working fluid, usually propane or some similar material. The propane vapour expands through a turbine which is coupled to a generator that generating electric power. Cold water from the bottom is pumped through the condenser, where the vapour returns to the liquid state. The fluid is pumped back into the boiler. Some small fraction of the power from the turbine is used to pump the water through the system and to power other internal operations, but most of it is available as net power. There are two different kinds of OTEC power plants, the land based and the floating plant. First, land based power plants, the land based pilot plant will consist of a building. This building will contain the heat exchangers, turbines, generators and controls. It will be connected to the ocean via several pipes, and an enormous fish farm (100 football areas) by other pipes. Warm water is collected through a screened enclosure close to the store. A long pipe laid on the slope collects cold water. Power and fresh water are generated in the building by the equipment. Used water if first circulated in to the marine culture pond (fish farm) and then discharges by the third pipe in to the ocean, downstream from the warm water inlet. This is done so that the outflow does not reenter the plan, since re use of warm water would lower the available temperature difference. While, the other OTEC power plants is floating power plants, the floating power plant works in the same way as the land base d the apparent different is that the floating plant is floating. Where actually OTEC can be used, OTEC can be sited anywhere across about 60 million squares kilometres of tropical oceans anywhere there is deep cold water lying under warm surface water this generally means between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. Surface water is these regions, warmed by the sun, generally stys at 25 degrees Celsius or above. Ocean water more than 1000 meters below the surface is generally at about 4 degrees C. 2.4 TYPES OF OTEC There are three types of OTEC designs: open cycle, closed cycle and hybrid cycle. Closed cycle Closed cycle systems use fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Here how it works. Warm surface sea water is pumped through a heat exchanger where the low boiling water point is vaporized. The expanding vapour turns the turbo generator, then clod, deep seawater pumped through a second heat exchanger condenses the vapour back into a liquid, which is then recycle through the system Open cycle Open cycle OTEC uses the tropical oceans warm surface water to make electricity. When warm seawater is placed in a low pressure container, it boils. The expanding steam drives a low pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, which has left its slat behind in the low pressure container, is almost pure fresh water. It is condensed back into a liquid by exposure to cold temperature from deep oceans water Hybrid cycle Hybrid system combines the feature of both the closed cycle an open cycle system. In a hybrid system, warm seawater enters a vacuum chamber where it is flash evaporated into steam, similar to the open cycle evaporation process. The steam vaporizes a low boiling point fluid that drives a turbine to produce electricity 2.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OTEC The advantages of OTEC is the uses OF OTEC is clean, renewable, its natural resource. Warm surface seawater and cold water from the ocean depths replace fossil fuels to produce electricity. Second, its suitably designed OTEC plants will produce little or no carbon dioxide or other pollutant chemical Third, OTEC system can produce fresh water as well as electricity. This is a significant adapted in island areas where fresh water is limited, other there is enough solar energy received and stored in the warm tropical oceans surface layer to provide most, if not all, of present human energy needs and last the use of OTEC as a source of electricity will help reduce the state almost complete dependence on imported fossil fuels. The disadvantages of OTEC is produced electric at present would cost more than electricity generated from fossil fuels at theirs current costs. Second, OTEC plants must be located were a difference of about 20;c occurs year round. Ocean depths must be available fairly close to shore based facilities for economics operation. Floating plant ships could provide more flexibility. Third, there is no energy company will put money in this project because it only has been tested in very smell scale and last, the construction of OTEC plants and lying of pipes in coastal water may cause localised damage to reefs and near shore marine ecosystems. 2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OTEC OTEC systems are, for the most part, environmentally benign. Although accidental leakage of closed cycle working fluids can pose a hazard, under normal conditions, the only effluents are the mixed seawater discharges and dissolved gases that come out of solution when sea water is depressurized. Although the quantities of outgassed species may be significant for large OTEC systems, with the exception of carbon dioxide, these species are benign. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and can impact global climate; however, OTEC systems release one or two orders of magnitude less carbon dioxide than comparable fossil fuel power plants and those emissions may be sequestered easily in the ocean or used to stimulate marine biomass production. OTEC mixed seawater discharges will be at lower temperatures than sea water at the ocean surface. The discharges will also contain high concentrations of nutrients brought up with the deep sea water and may have a different salinity. It is important; ther efore, that release back into the ocean is conducted in a manner that minimizes unintended changes to the ocean mixed layer biota and avoids inducing long-term surface temperature anomalies. Analyses of OTEC effluent plumes suggest that discharge at depths of 50-100 m should be sufficient to ensure minimal impact on the ocean environment. Conversely, the nutrient-rich OTEC discharges could be exploited to sustain open-ocean Mari culture

Mending Wall Essay -- essays research papers

What is so important about mending a wall? Robert frost a down to earth, phenomenon has used his supernatural skills to write a poem which may seem to be a simple, ordinary poem, yet what lays hidden behind the veils may be unraveled. That is the spiritual world that you and me may learn to understand the philosophical basis of human nature that provokes the human revolution. Believe it or not this poem was ingeniously devised by Robert Frost to articulately open up a world of ideas that acumen imagination and its complexities. That is what I will be elaborating on in terms of textual evidence. Like many of Frost’s poems, ‘mending wall’ involves a journey. We are introduced to two farmers in an annual meeting at the wall that separates their properties. They walk the length of the wall, repairing damage that has been done during the year. This process allows Frost to probe the whole question of communication or, more precisely, the way we put up walls and create barriers between ourselves. As happens in this poem, Frost moves in his thinking from a basic, natural setting to an abstract consideration of human behavior. The very first word of the poem establishes the sense of that which colours its entire atmosphere. This opening line establishes a mystery; there is ‘something’ that doesn’t want the wall to be there. Whatever it is, it is a powerful force: it creates a ‘frozen grounds swell’ that attacks the wall from the base, forcing the boulders on the top to tumble off. Wintertime is when the destroyer does its work. The effect is not a small one, but a gap contrived is as wide as two people are. The question is ‘what has caused them?’ In this stanza, he breaks from his consideration of this mysterious wall-hater for the moment to discount hunters as culprits. He knows that hunters damage walls. He has repaired the damage they have done. They cause a lot of damage to let the dogs get at rabbits that hide amongst the rocks of the wall. The hunting image becomes, however, but a dramatic aside to the main concern of the poem. A more earthly consideration of an expression of that force which is responsible for the unexplained gaps which seasonally and mysteriously appear in the wall and await discovery in the spring with all the patience of the cosmos. We return to the air of mystery. These gaps that appear just seem to have happened, with no one seei... ... not go behind this saying to test whether it has any validity. Frost has tried to guide him behind it with his questioning, but to no assistance. The neighbour in fact takes pleasure in repeating this piece of derived ‘wisdom’. The poem leaves us with a somewhat comic character who like an untested saying, derived from his father, who probably derived it from his, and so on back into the ‘old-stone’ age. His neighbour ends the poem, in something of an anticlimax and wins the ‘argument’; the wall is fixed and they will meet again next year. A strong feature of Frost’s poetry is his use of symbols. He starts a story and gathers an additional meaning and significance as the poem develops. The wall represented barriers, divisions, irrational and unnatural dividers that keep people apart, nature symbolises a unifying force, the stone-age man represent unthinking man and that civilisation has passed him by while spring symbolises a new birth in nature. Changes of seasons are important on Frosts’ poem where the neighbour rejects the chance for a new start. So as you can see this poem is just a poem about mending a wall, but it has significant meaning which relate to human behaviour.

Psychology and Divorce

mpact on Children * Divorce doesn't just affect the couple who are splitting; children feel the impact, too. A disadvantage is the negative impact it will have on children. Researchers and psychologists accept that divorce can negatively affect toddlers and teenagers, according to the University of New Hampshire. Toddlers will often believe they are to blame for a divorce, while teenagers may feel pressured into siding with one parent. The results are that a child will grow up doubting his ability to marry and can suffer depression because of the break-up of his family.Disadvantage: Psychological Effect on Adults * An argument against divorce is its negative effect on a couple's psychological health. â€Å"Divorce has been rated the number one life stressor,† according to Arizona State University. Adults can suffer a negative psychological balance, including high levels of anxiety, unhappiness and depression. Your psychological and emotional well-being can, therefore, be sever ely damaged by divorce, and it can affect the rest of your life. * Advantage: Impact on Children * The impact of divorce on children has been stated previously as a disadvantage.However, there is an advantage to a child's parents splitting up. A child who experiences divorce may mature quicker and develop responsibility at a younger age. If a child's father moves out and she has younger siblings, she may have to take on a co-parental role with her mother. This exposure will give her a sense of responsibility that other areas of her life can benefit from. Also, children will benefit from divorce if there is a high level of conflict in their parents' marriage. It is unhealthy for children to be around parents who fight and criticize each other. Advantage: Personal Growth *An advantage to divorce is the personal growth a person goes through after the event. â€Å"Divorced individuals report higher levels of autonomy and personal growth than do married individuals,† says Miami Un iversity professor of philosophy, Robin L. Graff-Reed, in her article, â€Å"Positive Effects of Stressful Life Events: Psychological Growth Following Divorce. † This is because divorced individuals have to become self-sufficient and cope with the pressures of everyday life by themselves. After divorce, individuals can develop the personal skills that can help them work towards a better quality of life for themselves and their children.

Ethnic Literature Essay

The term â€Å"ethnic† when in conjunction with the word â€Å"literature† in the academic discourse community of students, often brings out mixed feelings of excitement and dread. On the one hand, students understand that they will be getting away from the canonical American literature – which can equal boring in their eyes; on the other hand, students interpret the term â€Å"ethnic literature† to mean distinctive – which can equal confusing or ambiguous – and perhaps at times not relatable because it is outside their scope of experiences. Perhaps before jumping into why it matters, the term â€Å"ethnic literature† should be defined first and because I am still learning how to interpret this term myself, I searched for a suitable one I could agree with. I found one in an article entitled â€Å"Assessing Teachers’ Knowledge of Multi-Ethnic Literature†, and the article actually used another source themselves to come up with a workable, layman’s definition. Ethnic literature as defined by D. E. Norton (as the article’s source) is, â€Å"Literature about racial or ethnic minority groups that are culturally and socially different from the white Anglo-Saxon majority in the United States, whose largely middle-class values and customs are most represented in American literature† (qtd. in Hager & Thompson 22). I think this definition works well to define what ethnic literature is on a surface level, but the more I dig in, I feel that this idea goes much deeper. I asked myself, who can write about ethnic literature? Can anyone just pick up a pen so to speak and tell a story about a young Japanese boy, or a Hispanic family? Can an African-American writer write about Hispanic or Chinese people and claim it is ethnic literature? And the answer to myself is no. Why? Because unless that African-American has been submersed in the Hispanic or Japanese culture from the time of childhood, how are they going to capture the very essence of being, thinking, and living day-to-day in that culture? And even if that African-American had, they would still most likely have a different perspective from the average Hispanic or Chinese person because of being different themselves (i. e black) and perhaps are treated different by the community at large which corrupts the â€Å"normal† cultural thinking. At this deeper level I am trying to get at, I find John M. Reilly’s article â€Å"Criticism of Ethnic Literature: Seeing the Whole Story† helpful in acquiring this. He states that, â€Å"the assertion of ethnicity in literature can be made only through a procedure by which the writer resolves formal problems†¦ what moves from recognition of identity to creation of a strategy for handling reality still is not literature until the individual author sustains her or his ethnic identity through a sequence of formal choices† (4). I am interpreting this to mean that as a reader of this literature, I should see and feel throughout the story (perhaps subtlety) that in some way, the characters mindset (and perhaps actions) in the story differ from my own specifically because of the culture they have grown up in in, which has shaped that character’s thinking. There are thoughts and feelings – ideas, I don’t understand without further explanation from the author, which is sometimes provided, and sometimes not. An example of this is in Brando Skyhorse’s novel The Madonnas of Echo Park, I find myself wondering what the significance of the jacaranda trees mentioned in different parts of the book. Looking up what they are, it becomes apparent to me as jacaranda trees are native to Central America – roots back to their homeland. The blossoms from the trees fall and are scattered everywhere. Felicia in chapter 2 states that â€Å"there’s no way getting away from them† (25). Basically meaning, you cannot escape who you are and where you come from. I would not have understood this had I not explored the history of that tree to uncover the significance in the book. Another example is in Seventeen Syllables in the story â€Å"Seventeen Syllables†. The story about a Japanese family is easy to read, but is hard to connect with as I don’t share the same philosophies about a woman’s place in the Japanese culture. A specific instance in the story was when Mrs. Hayashi, Rosie’s mother received her the first place prize for her stellar Haiku. When the man from the newspaper presented her with a package, Mrs. Hayashi, stating she knew it was unorthodox, asked if she might open it because she was very curious. (Yamamoto 17). At this point, I am thinking to myself, â€Å"I don’t get it – why wouldn’t she open it? † but upon reflection, I considered the patriarchal society that is dominant in this culture, and perhaps it is the wife’s obligation to consult or have the husband open the gift, even if it is not specifically for him. Yet another example is in Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz. To come specifically to the point, I do not understand this idea of why it is understood that Dominican men are supposed to be these â€Å"manly men† that women flock to and fall on their knees for. That the sexual appetite along with innate sense of charisma from Dominican men is expected, and when it’s lacking, it doesn’t go unnoticed. â€Å"Anywhere else his triple-zero batting average with the ladies might have passed without comment, but this is a Dominican kid we’re talking about, in a Dominican family: dude was supposed to have Atomic Level G, was supposed to be pulling in the bitches with both hands† (24). Why is this idea so indoctrinated in this culture according to the book? This is perhaps something I will never understand, except that it is a part of their culture. All of these examples are all good and well, but the important question is why is ethnic literature important? What can be gained from reading it? From a most basic viewpoint, it is a highly effective vehicle for helping people understand themselves and the world around them. Thompson and Hager in their article state that, â€Å"multi-ethnic literature mirrors and validates the experiences for minority groups and juxtaposes the familiar with the less familiar for mainstream children† (22). In other words, through reading ethnic literature, readers can find ways to connect with others around them that are different. The article also states that when readers are exposed to divergent thoughts, language patterns, value systems, and different ways of living, that it can open up awareness about others and create compassion and understanding towards them that might not have happened without the literary exposure (23). To sum it all up, I will never argue against the instruction of ethnic literature in the school setting. In fact, I think teaching it should begin right from the beginning in kindergarten, and perhaps one day we won’t need the designated term â€Å"ethnic literature† – perhaps one day it can just be â€Å"American Literature† and part of the regular American canon of literature. Works Cited Diaz, Junot. The Brief and Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. New York: Penguin, 2007. Print. Reilly, John. M. â€Å"Criticism of Ethnic Literature: Seeing the Whole Story†. Critical Approaches to Ethnic Literature. 5. 1 (1978): 2-13. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. Skyhorse, Brando. The Madonnas of Echo Park. New York: Free Press, 2010. Print. Thompson, Deborah L. and Jane Meeks Hager. â€Å"Assessing Teachers’ Knowledge of Multi-Ethnic Literature†. Yearbook of the American Reading Forum. 1990. 21-29. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. Yamamoto, Hisaye. Seventeen Syllables. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001. Print.

What do you understand by disenfranchised grief Research Paper Example

What do you understand by disenfranchised grief Research Paper Example What do you understand by disenfranchised grief Paper What do you understand by disenfranchised grief Paper Introduction Grief is an unfortunate but inevitable constituent of human being. There is no 1 who can get away from its effects, effects or bequest and as such it forms a cardinal portion of life. Accurately specifying heartache is an backbreaking procedure. One could state that it is the intense sorrow that is caused by a peculiarly disconcerting event, for illustration the decease of a loved 1. However, such wide accounts merely offer an abstract apprehension of the topic. For when we scratch underneath the surface of the issue we find a complex field of significances and premises that underlie this most common of conditions. One such avenue of aside will be the focal point of this work ; disenfranchised heartache. Disenfranchised heartache is no less prevailing than any other sort of heartache and although its name is non by and large used as a definitional description it is however something to which we have all at some clip been cognizant of or so suffered from. In trying to clear up and pro ffer a compendious significance of disfranchised heartache, we could get down by stating that it is a sort of heartache that is non publically recognised. We can all appreciate and understand the sort of heartache that emanates from the standard protections of loss. However, the really term disenfranchisement ( traditionally refering to the right to vote ) denotes the loss of some right or privilege, the remotion of which is by and large considered to be unfair or unjust. Therefore, in the sense presently under treatment, disenfranchised heartache occurs when the receiver is either unwilling or unable to demo their feelings due to a fright of slight or reproach from other members of society. It is the scrutiny of this signifier of heartache that is the ultimate concern of this work. Offered below is a elaborate expounding that outlines the features, happening, procedures and cases of disfranchised heartache along with the effects and possible redresss. Shaping ‘Convention’ GRIEF’ Grief can basically be viewed as the emotional response that individual adopts following the loss of something to which they hold beloved. However, although the emotional reaction is frequently the most prevailing to loss, it is non to merely one. Often, those who are enduring heartache can exhibit physical or behavioral alterations that stem from a psychological beginning. Therefore, in this sense although the two are frequently intertwined, heartache should be understood as a separate entity to mourning. Whilst heartache is the reaction a individual adopts to loss, mourning is defined as the existent province of loss itself. Furthermore, although experts have in the past attempted to sketch different phases of the grieving procedure that are universally applicable, in recent old ages this method has been the topic of alteration. Grief is a extremely individualized procedure and therefore is affected by a whole overplus of factors that alteration depending on the single mourner and the fortunes in which they live. Such fortunes could include: different household make-up ; the features of the environing society or the spiritual and religious beliefs of the mourner and those around them. Such is the traditional construct of heartache. Whilst bearing this in head allow us now look at how disfranchised heartache differs from this apprehension. ORIGIN AND DEFINITION OF DISENFRANCHISED GRIEF It was Kenneth Doka who foremost defined in clear and apprehensible footings the construct of disfranchised heartache by gestating a type of heartache that lay beyond the normal protections of sorrow ( Doka, 2002 ; p.3 ) . For Doka, the disenfranchisement of heartache occurs when it is felt that sorrow or heartache can non be publically shown due to a fright of slight or non credence from society. As such, the normal grieving procedure is impeded by society’s impact and the mourner is non allowed to prosecute the normal procedures that are involved in grief declaration. This fits nicely with the common apprehension of disenfranchisement, which normally pertains to the loss of voting privileges that have been removed from the person in an unfair mode. In this case it is social norms and misconceptions that have removed the griever’s right to sorrow and ensue in the heartache being sustained whilst besides being unacknowledged and concealed from those on the exterior. Wor den ( 1991 ; p.32 ) has outlined that in order for heartache to be dealt with efficaciously ; four necessary constituents need to unify. First, the world of the heartache has to be accepted ; 2nd, the ensuing hurting caused by the heartache of loss must be sustained and experienced by the mourner ; thirdly, the mourner has to accommodate and set to the alterations that have occurred and get down to cover with the infinite that has been left by the absence of the loss ; eventually, the multitudes of emotion that has come about as a consequence of the loss must be re directed at another relationship, therefore relieving the extent of the hole that has been created. It is when these procedures are interrupted or even halted by society that the mourner is incapable to covering efficaciously with their sorrow ; disenfranchised heartache is the consequence. Doka ( 2002 ; p.27 ) outlines four different ways in which disenfranchised heartache can happen and therefore be characterised. The first case occurs when the relationship between the mourner and the object of loss is non recognised by society. It is a natural, albeit frequently subliminal feature of society that different relationships are ranked in order of their importance. For illustration, the relationship between a female parent and kid would rank higher than that between two work cos include the mentally decrepit, the really old and the really immature ( nevertheless every bit is discussed below, I consider the latter is more hard to confirm ) . Finally, disenfranchised heartache occurs when society does non recognize or more pertinently prefers non to recognize the loss that has occurred. For illustration, some deceases such as those related to the Aids virus or to suicide cause alarm and frequently embarrassment on the portion of both the mourner and society in general. As s uch, the loss sustained is non publically endorsed or acknowledged due to the hard society has in accepting it. Although illustrations of disfranchised heartache have been briefly offered above, it is necessary to analyze in item the clime and conditions in which it occurs. Examples AND OCCURANCES First, it is necessary to chase away a common misconception that is often made by ordinary people when they attempt to measure and understand heartache. It is frequently felt that heartache preponderantly consequences from decease, nevertheless, there are many cases where sorrow and heartache can ensue from loss that does non affect decease ( Worden ; 1991 ; p.62 ) Therefore, lets us ab initio look at illustrations of disfranchised heartache that occur independently of decease. A authoritative illustration that is often used to represent the being of disfranchised heartache is the loss that is sustained by a female parent that has given her kid up for acceptance ( Raphael, 1984 ; p.253 ) . This issue besides fits into all four of the definitional parametric quantities suggested by Doka and outlined above. First, acceptance frequently takes topographic point under shroud of secretiveness which necessarily consequences in the remotion of recognition. Furthermore, acceptance is constantly viewed as the determination of the female parent ; a determination that does non needfully hold to affect the child’s acceptance. As such, the position taken by society is by and large a negative one and consequences in the loss sustained non being viewed as of import ( Raphael, 1984 ; p.254 ) . In add-on, the relationship between female parent and kid has been severed at birth and hence, in society’s construct the relationship is non recognised. The fact that t he female parent is considered to be at mistake can do embarrassment on the portion her and her household and besides negate her right to mourn her loss. Therefore, the natural heartache that would usually be considered her right has been removed because of society’s construct and ranking of badness ; her heartache has been disenfranchised. Another illustration of where disfranchised heartache emerges from a non decease state of affairs is when a kid leaves the household place for the first clip and the parent or parents are left by themselves. Above all, it is by and large considered that this ‘empty nest syndrome’ is a natural portion of a child’s development and something that all parents at some clip have to digest. The badness evaluation that society bestows on this signifier of loss is of course really little when compared to other, more’ serious’ losingss. Given this, although other people may admit the fact that this procedure can be unpleasant, they however mostly ignore the heartache that can ensue ( Raphael, 1984 ; p.309 ) . In add-on, it is frequently the instance that the decease of famous person can do heartache that is either non recognised or non endorsed by society. Although in some instances, a authoritative illustration being Princess Diana, a mass spring of corporate heartache can follow from the a famous person decease, but on the whole this is non common. Furthermore, although at the outset public heartache may be blunt and echt this by and large tends to lessen as clip base on ballss. However, for some people the acuteness of the loss is so drawn-out that it continues long after both the event itself has past along with the attending dedicated to it by the general populace and mass media. The single mourner is hence distanced from the remainder of society as a effect. In add-on, its is frequently ( though of class non universally ) the instance that people who feel they have developed close links and bonds with famous persons they have neer met may be enduring from some signifier of reclusion or deficiency of close personal contact with other people. Therefore, the close friend and household web that is in many instances is deemed indispensable to successfully covering with the procedures of loss are non present. When viewed in concurrence with societies deficiency of recognition of the loss itself, it is clear how the impact of the loss itself can be compounded. The above illustrations provide a clear indicant of how disfranchised heartache can happen without the constituent of decease. However, although farther elaborate scrutiny is non required, there exists a whole overplus of other non decease related losingss that fit neatly into the definitional standards of disfranchised heartache. These can include: losing 1s occupation or retiring from work ; detecting that either you or a close friend or household member have contracted a serious disease, and out-migration from 1s place state to another or even migration within 1s ain state. However, although as we have seen, disfranchised heartache can ensue from state of affairss where decease is non present ; the antonym is evidently besides the instance. The decease of a kid during childbearing is frequently cited as an illustration of where the heartache ensuing from decease can be disenfranchised. As with acceptance, society by and large considers that as the maternal nexus between female parent and kid has non been forged the loss sustained is non every bit grave as could hold been the instance. Therefore, in this case both the relationship and the loss itself have failed to be acknowledged by anyone on the exterior ( Spall and Callis, 1997 ; p.81 ) . In add-on to this, it has been efficaciously argued that some member’s society are incapable of properly understanding loss and the heartache that ensues. Children are frequently suggested to organize portion of this group and it is surely the instance that the really immature are shielded from loss so as to f orestall confusion and hurt. However, trying to utilize Doka’s definitional standards in this case is debatable. Whenever the decease of a parent is discovered there is an immediate flow of sorrow and apprehension for the kids who have been left behind. Therefore, it can non be said that society fails to admit the loss that has been sustained. Furthermore, although ( as stated above ) on juncture those close to the kid may try to screen them from the impact of loss this does non needfully intend that they believe the kid incapable of understanding or gestating what has taken topographic point. However, in the instance of the mentally decrepit it is surely true that an unadulterated disenfranchisement of heartache is at drama. Due to their mental incapacity such people are considered to be unable to sorrow in the traditional mode. In contrast to kids, the social acknowledgment of loss is far less and besides, whereas kids are deemed capable of increasing cognition and understa nding with age, the same is non the instance with the mentally ill. Due to their mental province, it is frequently felt that they will neer to the full understand what has occurred and hence will neer sorrow in the same manner and under the same force per unit area as a mentally healthy individual ( Doka, 2002 ; p.97 ) We can therefore see the cases where disenfranchised heartache can show itself. However, in order for us to derive a full apprehension of the status it is necessary that we spend clip measuring the impact this signifier of heartache can hold on the mourner themselves. IMPACT AND EFFECTS OF DISENFRANCHISED GRIEF The ultimate consequence that accompanies disenfranchised heartache is that the normal procedure of heartache declaration is thwarted. As we saw in the above subdivision concerned with definition, four factors make up the traditional procedure that allows us to decide heartache. Let us rapidly run over them once more: First, the world of the heartache has to be accepted ; 2nd, the ensuing hurting caused by the heartache of loss must be sustained and experienced by the mourner ; thirdly, the mourner has to accommodate and set to the alterations that have occurred and get down to cover with the infinite that has been left by the absence of the loss ; eventually, the multitudes of emotion that has come about as a consequence of the loss must be re directed at another relationship, therefore relieving the extent of the hole that has been created. The job with disfranchised heartache is that the normal procedures of grief declaration are thwarted. Usually it is the societal acknowledgment that aids us in covering with our heartache. However, when heartache is disenfranchised it is constantly hidden from position and therefore the heartache that is sustained is concealed by the mourner. This leads to legion jobs chiefly the intensification and aggravation of the loss. Normal reaction to grief such as ch oler, solitariness, and fright are non dealt with in the usual mode and as such remain concealed underneath the surface for considerable lengths of clip. Besides, it can sometimes be the instance that heartache that has been disenfranchised is suppressed to such an extent that it is neer efficaciously dealt with. When this occurs it has a negative knock on consequence for the remainder of the griever’s life. In peculiar, if heartache has non been successfully dealt with in the first case so it is likely that a similar consequence will happen when farther heartache is encountered ( Doka, 2002 ; p.105 ) . This so compounds the original job. In add-on, the fact that disfranchised heartache is non openly recognised by society and those around us means those who suffer from it can farther retreat from close human contact. The embarrassment that frequently accompanies disenfranchised heartache so causes intensification of this difficultly. Kaufmann ( 1999, p.75 ) offers us a compen dious elucidation of this inclination by asseverating that the loss of community that may happen as a effect of disfranchised heartache Fosters an staying sense of solitariness and forsaking . Furthermore, mourning rites are a traditional portion of heartache declaration, nevertheless they are notably absent in instances of disfranchised heartache ( Littlewood, 1992, P ; 26 ) . All this leads to foster backdown and inability to successfully cover with the loss that had been suffered and future losingss that are yet to happen. In add-on, the fact that the ensuing heartache remains concealed and subdued for a considerable clip impacts upon the individual’s mental and physical wellness. Physiological jobs ; mental frailty and an addition in unusual and unnatural behavioural forms non merely function to protract the heartache sustained, but besides contribute farther to the procedure of societal and emotional backdown and denial. The concluding subdivision of this piece will briefly trade with the possible methods that can be adopted to cover with disfranchised heartache and following this I will offer my decisions. POSSIBLE RESOLUTIONS TO DISENFRANCHISED GRIEF Ultimately, it is the methods of grief declaration that Doka suggested that signifier the best method of covering with disfranchised heartache. First, it is critical that the heartache that is being sustained is identified as disfranchised and so openly recognised by those around the mourner ( Doka, 2002 ; p.134 ) . Of class this could turn out hard as the mourner is frequently likely to hold hidden their feelings for a long clip. Besides, the fact that declaration rites have non or could be used for the intents of relief, means that those around the individual concerned should make all that they can to show and move upon the heartache that is being sustained. Although such methods could travel a long manner to assisting an person who is enduring from disenfranchised heartache we must bear in head that we are mentioning to a status that is serious and drawn-out. As such, in many instances it may be that small can be done for the mourner from within his or her close personal contacts. Ultimately, there will be many cases where professional aid must be kind in order to successfully battle the features and implicit in causes of disfranchised heartache. Decision We have seen how disfranchised heartache is defined and understood. Furthermore, we can see the happenings where such heartache nowadayss itself, the impact that this has on the single sick person and some possible techniques and methods that could be employed to turn to such jobs. However, in reasoning I would wish to offer my ain really brief appraisal. Throughout this work it has been presupposed that it is the sick person that has the job. However, if we live in society where such annihilating heartache can stay unknown for old ages ; possibly we should reconsider where the mistake for this most atrocious of ailments really resides. Bibliograhpy Worden, William.Grief guidance and grief therapy: A Handbook for the mental practician.London: Routledge, 1991. Doka, Kenneth.Disenfranchised Grief: New Direction and Challenges and Strategies for Practice. New York: Research Press, 2002. Raphael, Beverley.The Anatomy of Bereavement. London: Routledge, 1984. Callis, Stephen and Spall, Bob.Loss, Bereavement and Grief. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes: 1997. Kaufmann, J.Disenfranchised Grief. New York: Workman, 1999. Littlewood, Jane.Aspects of Grief. London: Routledge, 1992.