Africans in America Growth of Slavery in the 1600s and 1700s Free Essays

CHAPTER 13 Trait Theories (p. 447) 1. b. We will write a custom essay sample on Africans in America Growth of Slavery in the 1600s and 1700s or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. (a)ii, (b)iii, (c)iv, (d)v, (e)i. 3. e. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories (p. 455) 1. The conscious is the tip of the iceberg and the highest level of awareness; the preconscious is just below the surface but can readily be brought to awareness; the unconscious is the large base of the iceberg and operates below the level of awareness. 2. b. 3. Freud believed an individual’s adult personality refl ected his or her resolution of the specifi c crisis presented in each psychosexual stage (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital). 4. a) Adler, (b) Horney, (c) Jung, (d) Horney. Humanistic Theories (p. 458) 1. a. 2. c. 3. self-actualization. 4. Humanistic theories are criticized for their naive assumptions, poor testability and inadequate evidence, and narrowness in merely describing, not explaining, behavior. Social-Cognitive Theories (p. 460) 1. how each individual thinks about the world and interprets experiences. 2. a. 3. c. 4. external locus of control, internal locus of control. Biological Theories (p. 462) 1. d. 2. Some researchers emphasize the importance of the unshared environment, while others fear that genetic eterminism could be misused to â€Å"prove† certain ethnic groups are inferior, male dominance is natural, or that social progress is impossible. 3. b. 4. c. Personality Assessment (p. 469) 1. (a)ii, (b)i, (c)iii. 2. projective; 3. b. 4. People accept pseudo-personality tests because they offer generalized statements that apply to almost everyone (Barnum effect), they notice and remember events that confi rm predictions and ignore the misses (fallacy of positive instances), and they prefer information that maintains a positive self-image (self-serving bias). How to cite Africans in America Growth of Slavery in the 1600s and 1700s, Papers

Market Research brief for Subway-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Prepare a Market Research brief for Subway. Answer: Introduction: Background of the company: Subway belonging to the current era has occupied a predominant place in the realm of food industry for its quality of products and systematic service process. After beginning their journey from 1965 this particular organization has aimed to have 32 stores within 10 years (subway.com 2017). High quality of sandwich is the core product that the service providers of Subway tend to provide to the customers of different psychological backgrounds. The primary mission of Subway is to deliver those products to the customers which are environmental friendly. In order to enhance the range of target market the organization has decided to expand the entire business process in Melbourne. As per IBIS report this particular brand is surviving for five years in the market of Australia by involving around 10 stores in the market (Ibisworld.com 2017). Competitive landscape: As per the current market scenario the three primary competitors with whom subway has to get major market threat includes Pizza Hut, McDonalds and Burger King. As per the market strategy and policy of Dominos customer should get the proper services. Customers should never wait for a long time in order to receive a service of their products (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). Industry concentration of Pizza Hut is low, with the top four operators holding less than 40.0% of the market share. Subway is having 17.3% market share all over the West only. On the other hand, the market strategy of McDonalds believes that the business experts should render varieties of products within the service centre to enhance the number of target customer. In addition, Pizza Hut has already gained immense reputation for maintaining the quality of product along with its services. In the market of Melbourne the recognition of these three food service centers has already been established. In order to create a new trade mark the product managers of Subway has decided to deliver such kind of products that are very much environmental friendly. In order to give a major threat the business experts of Subway have decided to establish their business in Melbourne. In 2016, wages are expected to consume 24.5% of industry revenue (Ibisworld.com 2017). Product variety is not the primary objective of Subway of drawing customers attention. The business experts aim to achieve the recognition by delivering environmental friendly products to the customers of Melbourne. Research problem: It has been observed that Subway fails to catch the attention of Australian people as they have not established sufficient number of counters in this particular country. Therefore, the business experts have decided to establish their business process in the market of Melbourne. The overall population of Melbourne is increasing rapidly (Arvanitis, Deligiannakis and Vassiliou 2012). The business experts have thus decided to expand a new franchise operation in the market of Melbourne for drawing the attention of customers. Therefore, this particular research has decided to conduct an in-depth overview regarding the current needs and demands of the consumers in the market of Melbourne. By conducting an effective competitive analysis the study has decided to do the entire market research for collecting necessary response from the customers. Research objective: The primary objective of the research is To highlight the impact of market research in expanding the entire business process of Subway in Melbourne To make an effective competitive analysis in order to know the market strategies and policies of other competitors of Subway To recommend some of the major ways of overcoming the barriers that marketing managers of Subway have to face for conducting market research Market information: Macro environmental analysis: In order to expand the business in Melbourne Subway should make an effective macro analysis for gathering data regarding the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors. Political Among the Asia-Pacific region Australia is one of the most stable countries having co-operation from government. Business experts get support in leading a business process in the market of Australia. Economic Australia is economically developed country. Therefore, based on the income status of the target customers, Subway can fix the price rang of their product. Social Melbourne is possessed with the people of different cultural and religious attitudes. Therefore, Subway should not produce any product that is acceptable for a specific target group Technological Melbourne is technologically developed country. Therefore, the business experts of Subway can maintain their business through online services as well. Environmental The environment of Melbourne is stable enough to run the business process of a food center like Subway Legal While establishing the entire business process in Melbourne Subway should follow government taxation policies. Table 1: Macro environmental analysis (Source: Cova, Kozinets and Shankar 2012) Micro environmental analysis: The sandwich and sub store franchise of Subway has developed their menu in order to expand their business process in the multi-national countries. From the competitive analysis it has been observed that the target customers of Melbourne tend to seek for product variety. One of the major strengths of Subway is environmental friendly products. At the same time, it has been considered as a major weakness that Subway is not possessed with product variety (Zhang and Jensen 2012). After conducting the market analysis the business experts of Subway have decided to develop their menu card. The biggest opportunities of Subway in expanding their business in the market of Melbourne include making a concern on healthier menu option by catering niche market. Consumer information: Before launching the business process in the market of Melbourne some of the necessary information can be collected. The information includes demographic attitudes of consumers, consumers behavior and consumers perception. It has been assumed that Australian customers are having with high rate of income status. In Melbourne, Subway can concentrate on premium customers only as the inhabitants are flexible enough in affording high prices. On the other hand, as per the perception of marketing managers of Subway customers tend to get an in-depth overview regarding the products and services before purchasing the product (Goffin et al. 2012). Therefore, the business experts of Subway can make promotional activities through new media so that customers from different geographical boundaries can get an overall idea about the products and services. Research design: Data collection: In order to make an effective research data collection procedure is one of the most significant methods of gathering necessary information from various sources. Data collection procedure is constituted of two types including primary data collection procedure and secondary data collection procedure (Gustafsson, Herrmann and Huber 2013). Primary data collection can be conducted with the help of survey, interview and focus group and so on. In primary source of data collection method necessary information is collected with the direct involvement of the respondents. On the other hand, the data analysts can get an immediate response from the participants. On the other hand, secondary data collection is conducted from various books, journals, magazines, newspapers. As a result, data can be critically evaluated with the opinion of eminent scholars. Data collection method: Data collection method is constituted with two primary categories including qualitative data collection technique and quantitative data collection technique. Quantitative data collection is the technique of gathering information from survey questionnaires. On the other hand, qualitative data collection is the technique of gathering data from interviews and focus group. For this particular study, market research can be conducted on quantitative data collection technique in order to involve the target customers directly for knowing their needs and demands of the products of Subway (Cechanowicz et al. 2013). Total 50 target consumers from Melbourne have been selected for gathering necessary data and information. Sample design: Sample design is the systematic way of collecting data and information from the specific number of respondents among large number of population. Sampling technique is constituted with two several method including probability sampling technique and non-probability sampling technique. Probability sampling technique is otherwise named as random sampling technique. With the help of random sampling method data can be collected not from a specific group of people (Yang and Cui 2012). On the other hand, with the help of non-probability sampling technique data is collected by involving a specific group of people. For this specific study non-probability sampling approach has been chosen. However, this particular study has focused to select non-probability sampling technique. Total 50 consumers of Melbourne is selected for gathering necessary responses. In order to gather feedback 50 consumers of Subway are sufficient for collecting necessary information. Analysis and reporting requirements: Data analysis would be conducted with the help of statistical data. After collecting the response from participants, the researcher would like to represent the data with the help of graphical representation by measuring mean, median and mode. Graphical representation helps an individual to analyze data at a glance (Sarstedt and Mooi 2014). Questions would be formulated in such a way that the respondents do not get the scope of giving biased decision. Questionnaires can be like that: How far do you believe that the products of Subway is creating a threat for its competitors? Options Number of respondents Total respondents Percentage representation of the total response Strongly Agree 20 50 40% Agree 15 50 30% Neutral 5 50 10% Disagree 5 50 10% Strongly Disagree 5 50 10% Timeline and budgets: Main activities/ stages Month February Month March Month April Month May Month June Month July Budget Topic Selection NA Data collection from secondary sources $200 Framing layout of the research $500 Literature review $700 Formation of the research Plan $700 Selection of the Appropriate Research Techniques $900 Primary data collection $1200 Analysis Interpretation of Data Collection $1500 Conclusion of the Study $1700 Formation of Rough Draft $2000 Submission of Final Work Total $9400 Selection criteria: In order to make an effective market research Subway has communicated with TNS Australia. The primary responsibility of this particular research agency is to evaluate necessary data and information regarding the needs and demands of the customers of Melbourne. Behind selecting this particular agency a scorecard matrix of selection criteria has been explained below: Figure 1: Scorecard Matrix (Source: Nunan and Di Domenico 2013) The above score card is used at the time of selection of criteria of a market research agency. The selection criterion includes vision and strategy, customer, learning and growth, internal business process and financials. Code of practice: While conducting the entire research work, the concerned researcher has to follow necessary code of practice. This particular code of practice ensures that the entire research work has been conducted by maintaining ethics, beliefs and values. Informed consent ensures that data and information would have to be collected with the consent of respondents (Sarstedt and Mooi 2014). Not single respondents would be forced for collecting necessary data and information. Data would be used with the consent of the participants. Data collection and process ensures that every single data should have a proper sources, validity and reliability. Without having accuracy data should not be used within the research work. Code of professional behavior ensures that researcher should be honest in collecting data. An individual while conducting a research should never force the participants for providing iformation. Conclusion: The entire study has focused to make an in-depth market analysis based on Melbourne city. Melbourne being one of the most populated countries in Australia is endowed with large number of people having high rate of income status. Over the past several years Subway has aimed to deliver those kinds of products that generate more energy efficiency, water conservation and food and water quality. This particular organization has appointed large number of employees for providing effective services. The business experts have expanded their widespread wings in different geographical boundaries. Therefore, for expanding the business process in Australia for Subway, Melbourne can be considered as the recognizable place for expanding the entire widespread wings. Necessary data and information would be collected for getting an in-depth idea regarding the needs and demands of customers. An effective competitors analysis has also been conducted with the help of which the necessary weakness of Subwa y has been identified. Reference List: Arvanitis, A., Deligiannakis, A. and Vassiliou, Y., 2012, October. Efficient influence-based processing of market research queries. InProceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management(pp. 1193-1202). ACM. Cechanowicz, J., Gutwin, C., Brownell, B. and Goodfellow, L., 2013, October. Effects of gamification on participation and data quality in a real-world market research domain. InProceedings of the First International Conference on Gameful Design, Research, and Applications(pp. 58-65). ACM. Cova, B., Kozinets, R. and Shankar, A., 2012.Consumer tribes. Routledge. Goffin, K., Varnes, C.J., van der Hoven, C. and Koners, U., 2012. Beyond the voice of the customer: Ethnographic market research.Research-Technology Management,55(4), pp.45-53. Gustafsson, A., Herrmann, A. and Huber, F. eds., 2013.Conjoint measurement: Methods and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Ibisworld.com. 2017.Sandwich Sub Store Franchises Market Research | IBISWorld. [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-trends/specialized-market-research-reports/business-franchises/food-beverage/sandwich-sub-store-franchises.html [Accessed 2 Aug. 2017]. Kharitonov, D., Juniper Networks, Inc., 2012.Integrated packet inspection and modification system and network device for internet service provider market research and influence. U.S. Patent 8,259,722. Nunan, D. and Di Domenico, M., 2013. Market research the ethics of big data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), pp.505-520. Sarstedt, M. and Mooi, E., 2014. A concise guide to market research.The Process, Data, and. subway.com, 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.subway.com/en-IN [Accessed 2 Aug. 2017]. Yang, A. and Cui, Y., 2012. Global coal risk assessment: data analysis and market research.World Resources Institute Working Paper. Zhang, J.K. and Jensen, J.M., Arbitron Inc., 2012.Methods and systems for mapping locations of wireless transmitters for use in gathering market research data. U.S. Patent 8,229,469.

Lesson Plan the School and Government Regulations

British Petroleum History - Smart Custom Writing Samples

British Petroleum History - Smart Custom Writing Is Democracy The best Form of Government For All PeopleDemocracy is a widely acknowledged form of political government under which the power to govern is sourced from the people either by a conducting a direct referendum or through an election of various representatives. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks coined this system of government that vests all power to decide as to who shall rule squarely on the people. This system chiefly asserts on equality and freedom as its mainstream virtues. Therefore, citizens are viewed as having equal access to power and deemed as equal before the law. Therefore, every man is entitled to one vote with an equal weight. These rights and liberties practiced by the citizens within such a state are secured by a constitution. Although this system of government implies multiple freedoms to its citizens, it can end up failing and becoming cumbersome to the subjects if proper checks and balances are not put in place to constantly keep the leaders in track. Th erefore, an in-depth analysis of democracy has been carried out herein by evaluating the pros and cons of this system. (Strong, 1998) There are numerous merits as to why a democracy should be the system of choice in governance. First, smooth transitory changes can take place in government without violence. This is enabled through free and fair elections whereby the citizens determine the ruling authority by simple majority. Secondly, democracy prevents monopoly of any one ruling authority. This is since the incumbent government has to compete with other parties and personalities after expiration of its term. This therefore ensures that the ruling authority works for the people and towards their needs or leave office due to the failure to be re-elected. Thirdly, a democracy serves as motivational factor to the people. This is since the government is obligated towards its citizens. By carrying out of all its duties and goals set which are supported by the majority, the people feel appreciative and encouraged to work even harder towards attaining a better economic status. Finally, a democratic government makes the citizens have a feeling of participation and ‘ownership.’ They feel that the government has been legally elected by them and that it is theirs. They are able to express their freedom of choice and opinion through the ballot box or voting process. This has the capacity of enhancing nationalism. (Kukathas, 2004) Despite all these merits, there are various demerits and criticisms that have been put forward against democracies. These have been based on the irrational voters who are widely perceived that they are poorly informed on political, social and economic issues. First, democracies have been deemed to be politically unstable. Though the government is elected in by the majority, during its term, opponents and the media frequently challenge the ruling authority which could lead to a sudden change in the political support. This goes a long way in discouraging foreign investment and economic growth.   (Zorach, 2010) Secondly, democracies have been characterized by short terms. This is especially the case after elections and there is no clear winner leading to formation of coalitions due to the fact that democracies are not after the ideological match but the support of the majority. Any imbalance in the treatment of principal partners may lead to withdrawal from the coalition hence the collapse of the government leading to another election. Thirdly, the democratic governments are slow in responding to key issues in the society. This is because decisions are carried out through consensus rather than a unilateral system that would otherwise speed up decision making. Finally, governments elected into power during elections have been accused severally of vote buying and rigging. This is a way of appealing and influencing voters to vote for one particular party who might not be the most appropriate in ruling. A form of vote buying is the pork barrel whereby some political sectors are awarded specific special benefits whose costs are spread to all taxpayers. (Ratchasima, 2007) Despite multiple criticisms, democracies remain the most popular governments in the world. This is since they allow the citizens to openly express their views which are a vital need among humanity. Therefore, democratic governments can be viewed as the best form of governments.    References Kukathas, G. F. (2004). Handbook of Political Theory. Sage. Ratchasima, N. (2007, November 25). Democracy, and vote buying, returning to Thailand. The New York Times . Strong, M. H. (1998). Public Space and Democracy. University of Minnesota Press. Zorach, A. (2010, September 12). Democracy. Retrieved November 19, 2010

Getting tough on Crime (Canadian Society) Essay

Getting tough on Crime (Canadian Society) - Essay Example From the research it is clear that many people believe that fighting fire with fire is the only suitable way for crime to be reduced. Others strongly disagree with this assumption. Around the world, today, many cases have been on the rise as to the extent police have used excess force to deal with criminals. As much as the criminals seem to have it coming, many people still insist that they need to be tried and judged fairly in a court of law. This means that even in the judicial system, they have to be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt to be locked up. What certain policies being implemented aim at achieving is ridding the streets of criminals and crimes completely. There have been some that advocate the locking up of criminals for a minimum of ten years for certain crimes. These policies are the cause of concern among many. These cases have seen the call for the re-evaluation of the policies due to the deteriorating state crime fighting is facing. This paper will review the a pproaches that have been used to handle crime and if indeed they are working. In society, today, there are many assumptions about crime. They often come about due to the various factors present. These factors could include; the media, which include both print and electronic, stereotypes, cultural and ethnic differences among other things that are present in any society. These factors together bring about a common fear for certain things or people and, therefore, the dominant assumptions about crime. ... Media coverage has been to blame for the recent rise in crime. However, societies like the Canadian society do not believe that the media has played any role in the rise of crime. They believe that crime is real, and this has nothing to do with the coverage the media has given acts of crime over time (Department of Justice, 2011). Another assumption usually placed on crime would be that crimes committed are of different levels. In Canada, they place crimes against children at the top of the most important crimes. This is closely followed by crimes that are the gang and youth related and finally, violence against women (Department of Justice, 2011). This assumption could mean that if a person is guilty of a crime against the above mentioned they are liable for a greater or harsher punishment. It would greater than when they would have done it against a young man or a mature male. Canada has decided to take the tough approach with crime and criminals. Policies have been made, and bills have been passed to ensure that criminals, once brought to book, bear the full brunt of the law. The judicial system has been mandated to penalise all those of different crimes with longer jail sentences. The reason, it seems, is to bring the law abiding citizen some peace. The assumption that when a criminal gets off easy after being arrested then, the law-abiding citizen is angered by it. They think that the law is coddling the wrongdoers (European Association of Psychology and Law, 2011). Sentences have been extended for those caught by the law. This is even for the smallest crimes imaginable. According to the policy makers, there is no little crime. A crime is a crime, and once the law has been broken, it is in

Banking Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Banking Project - Research Paper Example The three liquidity ratios for the financial analysis are liquid assets to deposit-borrowing ratio, Loan to deposit and Net loan to total asset. These three ratios of both banks are discussed and analyzed below. Liquid asset to deposit borrowing ratio measures the availability of the fund with respect to its obligations. In the year 2010, CIMB Berand Islamic Bank- Malaysia had the capability of covering 34 % of short term obligations while Al-Rajhi Bank was capable of covering 33 % of their short term obligations. In the following year, The Malaysian bank liquid asset to deposit-borrowing percentage dropped down to 26 % and that of Al-Rajhi Bank dropped down to 30 %, this indicated that the liquidity of the Malaysian Bank was less in comparison to Al-Rajhi Bank. In the year 2012, Al-Rajhi Bank liquidity further increased making them capable of covering short-term obligations to about 32% while the CIMB Berand Islamic Bank- Malaysia was not able to increase or maintain its liquidity, which resulted in a major decrease in their liquidity. CIMB Berand Islamic Bank- Malaysia in 2012 was only capable of covering 12 % of short-term obligations. 2013 was a completely shocking for Al-Rajhi Bank as they were only capable of covering 10 % of their short term obligations, which shows that their liquidity dropped down by 22 % while CIMB Berand Islamic Bank- Malaysia maintained their ratio at 12 %. CIMB Berand Islamic Bank- Malaysia loan to deposit ratio in 2010 was 61% and that of Saudi Arabia Bank was 78%, which indicated that the Al-Rajhi Bank had low liquidity as compared to the Malaysian Bank. Year 2011 was other way round as the Al-Rajhi Bank had more liquidity as compared to that of the Malaysian Bank. A reverse patter n was again observed in 2012, which means that both banks were not affected by the external factor. In 2013 the liquidity of both banks increased which means that the both banks had more loans and comparatively less

Problems Approaching Ancestral Worship In The Korean Protestant Religion Essay

Problems Approaching Ancestral Worship In The Korean Protestant Religion Essay This paper will examine the challenges in the Korean Protestant community dealing with ancestral worship. South Korea still remains to be a strong Confucianism state, which contains rich systems of rituals. However since the Protestant church rejects all practices of ancestral worship it has become a serious problems in the Korean Christian community. Some families within the Christian community still remains to practice ancestral worship and others have switched to chudoyebe. The question of the day is, is ancestral worship a sin to honor your parents? The paper will reveal new ideologies towards ancestral worship in the Korean content, starting with the keyword ancestral worship (jesa). First lets determine whether ancestral worship fits into the Korean ritual practice of their ancestors. This paper will distinguish between the ancient practices with the contemporary practices. Normally, this worship is practiced eight times a year on the death commemoration days from the fourth generation beyond his parents and the other four includes seasonal holidays.  [1]  Many scholars who studied ancestor worship identify there are two types of spirits (good or benevolent ancestor and evil spirit or ghost). These distinctions are made through the cause of their death. For example bad spirits is when a person commits suicide or dies in an accident and it is predicted that these spirits wonder around the world and do harm to people. However good spirits protect their descendants and family and these deaths are normal deaths.  [2]  But the contemporary ancestral worship has changed in recent years. Confucian funerals are no longer practiced since it deals with complex sta ges.  [3]  This represents a huge transformation in our society: concepts, values, and norms of funeral had changed which can imply our society is changing. Therefore we can also examine if ancestral worship had changed. Ancestral Worship in Korea Korea is known for its mixture of beliefs, such as up to the 14th century Korea was a Buddhist country up to the 14th century. During the Joseon dynasty (1392) the government adopted Korea as a Confucian government and even today Korea is one of the most Confucianism countries in East Asia. Ancestral worship is one of the four important Confucian rituals and it is prevalent in many countries around the world. The families make regular visits to their ancestral graves and perform the ritual. Korean families who perform these rituals perform during January 1 (sul), August 15 (chusok, lunar calendar), Hansik Day in March. Funeral rites in a Confucianism tradition is when a person dies, the body is brought to the family and is dressed in a clean cloth. The children then will watch at the deathbed and is to fulfill obligations such as writing down the last words of their parent. Date and time is very important at death, for example they will put the clean cloth before the late breathe. When the death is confirmed, ornaments are removed and hair is loosened and the children weep bitterly. One of the family member will take the upper garment and go outside facing north and climb up on the roof and call the deceased name and repeat the name pok which means return (this is called ko bok).  [4]   When these ceremony is over the family prepares food for the messenger (saja) who escorts the dead body to the other world (the food is prepared with three bowls of rice, vegetables, soy sauce, money and three pairs of straw shoes). Then the body is removed from the deathbed and the body is turned to the north and thumbs are tied together. The mourner will put only put one sleeve of upper garment (left side if it is father and right side if it is mother). A person who is experience will make a spirit called honbaek with string and paper. These string and paper is placed on a small box called honbaek (spirit box). People believe in three spirits and seven souls. One will disappear with the messenger after death, one will stay with the body, and the other will wander around the world. The spirit box protects this last spirits. The seven souls are two eyes, two nostrils, two ears and the mouth. These seven souls are attached to the body after death. The next important stage is sup washing of the body of the deceased. One man will bring warm water brewed with mugwort or juniper and other helpers will hold the corners which was used to cover the body. The body will be washed with a clean piece of cloth that has been soaked in water.  [5]  When the washing process is finished, finger nails and hair is cut and placed into a four small bags known as choballang, which later is placed into the coffin. After the body is washed, the corpse is dressed in grave clothes and before the face is covered, a person will place rice on the corpse mouth and say a hundred sacks of rice and second time, a thousand sacks of rice and for the last time ten thousand sacks of rice. After this is done, a coin in placed on the mouth. The body is bounded with a long cloth known as yom, where both sides are twisted so that friends and family can put money into the twisted section. This body is used to pass the twelve gates of the other world. Then the corpse is placed into the coffin, where the body is covered with coverlets (two coverlets are used one is called the coverlets of earth and the second one is called coverlet of heaven). The deceased clothes are placed into the coffin. The coffin is bound with a straw rope around its upper, middle, and lower parts. After the coffin is bound, a screen is placed in front of the coffin and a big red cloth (the deceased name) is hung. A small table is placed where the spirit box is displayed, sometimes there are materials that the deceased person uses. There are five different kinds of clothes (obok), The chief mourner wears the coat, hat, and leggings which are made all from hemp. The mourner needs to have a cane made from bamboo if his father has died and a cane made from paulownia if the mother deceased. When approaching the deceased, there will be three dedications of wine and two ritual bows. After this performance, the person meets with the deceased family. Food and wine is served to the people who comes to visit the funeral and at all times the visitor wears black clothing. The last ceremony is when the four men will carry the coffin and shake it slowly up and down the four corners of the room and this is suppose to drive evil from the room. The first rite of requiem is held on the day of the burial in front of the mourning shrine. The second rite and the third rite follow. These rites are called samu-je. After these rites the process of ancestor worship follows the normal way, namely three dedications of a glass of wine and two bows. After three months is selected to perform the chokoh-che or final rite of weeping. People are allowed to weep continuously and after this time the mourners weeps only three times a day when he/she dedicates meals. The day after the final rite of weeping, the rite of attachment of the ancestor tablet (pi-ju) is held in cases where there is a family shrine for the ancestors at home. With the rite of the new deceased becomes an ancestor of the family. The first anniversary of the death is called sosang (small commemoration) and the second death anniversary is called taesang (large commemoration). When this is done properly that he will perform the rite of good fortune on the one hundredth day after large commoration. These methods and rituals portray negativity in the Christian community however we should know it also represents a special relationship with the family. There are three importance of ancestral worship, 1. Tradition-this is how our ancestor have lived and its a continuation of our traditions passing on to the next generation. 2. Filial propriety (hyo)- Korean system is made up with Confucian structure, for example younger people bow down to elders. The Korean social system is hierarchy with age. Therefore the term respect portrays solidly in the system. 3. Inter-family relations-the family can come together during the ritual time and spent time with their family. For example this would be thanksgiving in the United States, where food is prepared for all families. Re-examining the terminology ancestral worship The Catholic Church started to understand the Korean culture after 1900. A new paradigm was made towards ancestral worship. Father Thomas Anthony and Father Chang Song were ignorant about memorial rituals. Foreigners saw memorial ritual as an idol worship. When Korea was colonized by Japan and Koreans were forced to believe Shinto, Catholic had greater understandings of rituals and traditions. Bowing down was a problem but eating the food was a problem to the Christian community. Later, St. Paul said, Now, the matter about food offered to idols. It is true, of course, that all of us have knowledge as they say. Such knowledge, however, puffs a man up with pride but love builds up. The person who think he knows something really doesnt know as he ought to know. But the man who loves is known by him. So then man who loves God is known by him. So then, about eating the food offered to idols: We know that an idol stand for something that doesnt exist; we know there is only the one God. Eve n if there are so called gods whether in heaven or on earth, and even though there are many these gods and lords yet there is for us only one God, Jesus Christ, whom all things were created and through whom we live. (Pauls First Letter to the Corinthians, 8:1-6).  [6]  This is was the starting point, when Catholic community started to understand the implication that arises when taking something special from a culture and resolved this problem by accepting their culture. Unless the memorial rites are resolved, Korea will be hard country to send missionaries. The Catholic church accepted memorial rites (ancestral worship) under certain conditions and prohibited some issues regarding memorial rites. They accepted 1. Bowing before the body, a tomb, and photograph of the decreased and a table bearing the name of the deceased. 2. Incense burning during a ritual before the body. 3. Preparing meals for the memorial rites. However they prohibited any kind of cooked or water soaked rice, paper money, shellfish or a pearl into the mouth of the dead person. 2. Offering three pairs of straw shoes for the underworld guides. 3. Cannot call out the name of deceased outside for the his soul which may be hovering in the sky. 4. Prohibits the ideal that the dead comes to the table to eat the food and lastly chanting any prayers during the memorial rite is prohibited.  [7]   The Korean Protestant came up with an alternative which was called chudoyebe.. It was a Christian memorial service for their family. This memorial service was to replace ancestral worship. Christians were prohibited to perform Confucian ancestral ritual on the anniversary of heir ancestors death. It would be disrespect to their parents and ancestors if nothing happened. The chudoyebe was first introduced when Dr. J. W Heron passed away in July 1980.  [8]  The new Christian method to replace ancestral rite spread along the Korean protestant. It included seven sections; hymns, opening prayer, reading from passages, recollection of the deceased, another hymn, silent prayer and the prayer of dismissal.  [9]  Christian homes were encouraged to carry out chudoyebe instead of practicing ancestral worship. However the dilemma here is, Korean Christians practice ancestral worship according to the 2005 government consensus. According to Professor Chang Won Parks article on Between God and ancestors: ancestral practice in Korean Protestantism 77.8 percent of the Korean population practice ancestral worship but looking in the total Korean population, Christians make up 29 percent. Therefore we can conclude that Christians participate in ancestral practices. The Korean protestant community needs to acknowledge somethings cannot be taken away and perhaps accepting the culture and tradition might increase the Christian population. The Catholic Church understanding of the Korean culture has changed over time. Ancestral worship has defined another terminology to memorial rites. There were little minor revisions to fit into the Catholic Church however the culture and traditions has not changed significantly. The Korean Protestant church also needs to revise some parts of the memorial rites since Christians in Korea still remains to carry out memorial rites and it is impossible for the Christian population to grow without tradition and values of their culture such as ancestral worship (memorial rites). Implications with the Protestant Church There are three reasons why the protestant missionaries rejected ancestor worship. They first thought the religious sacrifice to the deceased spirit was in conflict with the commandants. 1st Commandant states, You shall have no other gods before Me, and the second commandant states, You shall not make for yourself a carved imageany likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Secondly, even though the ancestor worship supported the tenet of the immortality of the soul, the protestant missionaries did not accept the idea of how the soul could reside in a tablet in shrine, also eat the food after the worship was over, bless the deceased. The ideology that the ancestors four generations souls exist is the opposite of what the Christian teaching tell. The Christian bible states there are two locations after death (heaven and hell). Thirdly, the belief that ancestral worship degraded women and accepting the first born male or sons as the heir to continue the family linage created problems. Therefore the Christian were also prohibited to eat the food or touch the food during the ritual. This was also repeated through missionaries because the bible states eating sacrificial food is against the will of God as worshipping the idol (this passage is in I Corinthians 10:21, Acts 15:29 and revelations 2:14). The missionaries and the church stately clear to prohibit the ancestral worship through published tracts, which stated it is a form of idolatry; this document was called the Nevius Errors of Ancestor Worship, even though the Protestant church understands filial piety, they believed the best method was to perform good while the parents were still alive. This document failed to address any alternative method to serve after the parents passed away. This caused many criticizes to the public. In September 1, 1920 there was a written article on this issue in Dongah Daily. Refusing and prohibiting ancestor worship was a social problem and it portrayed Christians that filial piety no longer existed. Any bows below the waist was an act of ancestor worship to any kind of picture. This made Korean Christians uncomfortable since they could not perform any sign of respect after their parents had passed away (their loyalty was not expressed to the ones they loved). A New Paradigm for Ancestral Worship As the Catholic Church, the Protestant Church must acknowledge the ancestral worship. At this time lets call the ancestral worship as deceased memorial rites because it can be referred to as tradition and culture instead of religion. First we must discuss what is acceptable and not acceptable to the deceased memorial rites. The bible has different passages against the deceased memorial rites however as mentioned many times in this paper, these tradition has existed before and after the missionaries had arrived in Korea. Therefore it is best if there was some solutions found between the Korean society and the Protestant Church. The Korean society filial piety is very important, as seen in many places, Korean people bow down to everyone. Starting from birth and the age of five, the child bows down to parents and families members. During the preschool years, the teacher is the higher authority in school therefore students show respect to the teachers, this goes on to college. The important idea here is everyone, who is older is respected and younger generations are taught to bow and show some kind of respect. Even in the Korean church, we bow down to pastors, elders, deacons and Sunday school teachers as a sign of respect. If you deny to bow down then its shows a sign of disrespect; so the question here is we bow down in our daily life however once our elders pass away then that principle is taken away from us. Therefore this section of the paper will discuss these ideas of what not to do and what should be allowed. First lets start with bowing down to the deceased family members, this should be allowed because it shows some sign of respect for taking care of their children. The Korean society spends massive money on their children especially education and if the deceased family are forgotten and not taken care of after their death how will the grandchildren remember their family members. Secondly, as the Catholic church states also, we should allow incense burning and the stage of preparing food should be allowed. It is the least that a son or daughter can do for their deceased however it shouldnt be only the son (heir) but the whole family members. The women shouldnt be degraded in part of the deceased memorial rites. The second part is what should not be done in the deceased memorial rites. Descentants should not believe in spirits, for example thinking that the deceased will come down to eat the food. The memorial rite should only be done as a sign of respect and not for believing spirits. The whole idea of calling out the name to call the spirit, sending out messengers, escorts, giving them the straw shoes, the toll money to pass the gates should be all prohibited. The ideology of spirits should be diminished and as mentioned before it is for fulfill filial piety and to show sign of respect to the parents. These cannot be all the ideas however the purpose here is to come up with some solution for the Korean Protestant Church so that it does not cause any more social problems or dilemmas living as a Korean Christian. Conclusion The Korean Protestant Church faced tremendous dilemma towards ancestral worship and even today, these issues are not resolved. Within Christian families, ancestral worship is still practiced and some perform chudoyebe. The Catholic Church later reversed ancestral worship and accepted the Korea tradition and ritual however the Korean Protestant Church is far from creating a new understanding of Korea. If the Korean Protestant Church maintains to accept ancestor worship as a form of idolatry then the Christian population will continue to decline. If simple changes and revisions were made such as deceased spirit is alive and since the bible states clearly that they cannot communicate with the living and there is only heaven or hell after death. For example the family cannot believe in any forms of spirits. The deceased memorial rites is a sign of respect and there cannot be any belief regarding spirits. It is not that simple of course but what I am trying to get through is compromise an d understanding of each culture and traditions since Korea is unlikely to give up ancestral rites for a very long time. This paper has examined the background of Korean Ancestral Worship and explained why it needed to re-examine this terminology in the Korean context and lastly it explained the implications with the Korea Protestant Church. Every culture is different and unique and its our culture that shapes and molds our identity. Confucianism had been in Korea for a very long time and still holds and exists in our community. A new paradigm and understanding is need in our multicultural environment for the Korean Protestant Church to survive.